BMW

In the BMW's future strategy, it strongly focus on expand of the potential market. For example, China and Russia. In terms of brand promotion, BMW Group, will seize the opportunity, and vigorously advise and expand public awareness network. At the same time, BMW also advertise their ambitions and sense of responsibility to society. In the automotive manufacturing area, BMW Group proposed to advertise new product concepts and environmental protection. BMW believes that with further development of the industrial era, the traditional energy sources will become a bottleneck restricting the development of society, as with the development of traditional energy sources will gradually disappear. All of these above are only general publicity, from the details; BMW also has many methods of influence to advertise the brand promotion. In the past, BMW through the sponsorship of 007 series of films to lead more people know about BMW. Nowadays, Now, BMW further into the ranks of social charity and welfare to go. I believe that in the future, more new ways to promote the brand BMW will also be generated in the process. From BMW’s advertising trends, while BMW focus on its own personality and the brand image. BMW also changed their advertising strategies, slowly trying to go into the market culture. For example, in China, BMW will be promoting the brand through the action to protect the local cultural heritage. In short, any successful brand or product can not be divorced from the success of advertising and publicity. BMW case, other brands also do so.

Personal statement for PhD in forensic science Essay

My interest in Forensic Science was developed primarily in my undergraduate years and was strengthened during the initial stages of my Master’s Degree in Molecular Biology. While I was still working on my undergraduate degree, I became fascinated with chemistry and how the science can be used in many practical applications for a variety of industries. What captured my attention the most is how using current science and technology, specialists are able to determine details of a crime scene that can be effectively used to solve the crime. This realization brought about by many experiences both in and out of the classroom gave me the interest to study Forensic Science. When I entered into graduate school, I chose Molecular Biology as my major primarily because it is highly connected with the chemical and biological applications to Forensic Science. True enough, the work that I have done so far in my degree has strengthened my conviction to become a forensic scientist. As a student, I believe that I have the prerequisite knowledge and academic dedication to obtain a doctorate degree in a science that is a direct application of my previous educational background. My background knowledge as evidenced in my transcripts includes extensive work on chemistry, biology, and academic research with courses that contain detailed laboratory work using procedures that are parallel with some components of those being used in Forensic Science today. Thus, I have strong proficiencies with different equipment used in the laboratory and am perfectly capable with working in a demanding laboratory setup. My academic records would show that I am a very diligent student who strives to achieve excellence in any academic endeavor. Aside from this, I also have the dedication necessary in conducting rigorous research which is not only a requirement for any doctorate degree but a strong essential for a PhD in Forensic Science in particular. I am aware that Forensic Science entails much work in gathering information and processing them in order to obtain the required output and this process is very familiar to me. I have conducted various research projects in the past and have a consistent track record of being able to synthesize complex ideas into meaningful analysis that can effectively reflect current trends and developments. In Forensic Science, my interests in particular are DNA finger printing and analysis of evidence. As early as now, I have read extensively on both areas and am determining possible relevant contributions that I can make in my dissertation on a topic related to those said interests. M readings have made me familiar with the areas and gave me insight on what are the concerns of the science at the moment that need to be adequately addressed by academic research. This demonstrates how sincere my intention is to finish a postgraduate degree in Forensic Science. I am certain that I am adequately prepared and fully capable to take on and complete a doctorate degree in Forensic Science. I have a strong educational background with experiences that are highly related to my intended major and I have developed effective learning and research skills that are essential to completing the degree. There is no doubt that I will be able to make significant contributions in this body of science as a researcher and make use of knowledge gained in completing this degree as a forensic scientist in order to aid law enforcement in solving crimes in the interest of upholding justice and maintaining societal order.

Assessment of the Progression of the Withdrawal of Weapons and Military Forces in the World

Assessment of the Progression of the Withdrawal of Weapons and Military Forces in the World This is my research paper on disarmament. It contains breifly all the important steps taken in the feild of disarmament till recently. Introduction Prof. Lincoln P. Bloomfield aptly remarked that, A visitor from another, more advanced planet would find many paradoxes on earth, but surely the most extraordinary would be the fantastic destructive potential of nuclear weapons which contrasts starkly with the primitive and near impotent institutions of global peacekeeping. He might marvel that a breed capable of producing the wealth for a 185 billion armory of lethal devices let alone the technology for killing several hundred in a single exchange of weapons had not produced a workable international order capable of regulating such apocalyptic man-made power. . Also no such International Order exists today and the prospects are not encouraging that it will exist within the foreseeable future. Dr. Hambro has also rightly remarked The armament race comes as close to collective insanity as anything in the history of mankind and it is, to my mind, surprising that public opinion is willing to take it. Disarmament has become a more urgent and complicated issue with the rapid development of nuclear weapons capable of mass destruction. Since the explosion of the first atomic bombs in 1945, the previous contention that armaments races were economically inexpedient and led inevitably to war was replaced by the argument that the future use of nuclear weapons in quantity threatened the continued existence of civilization itself. It was understood that war was unnecessary and nations of the world also understood the urgent need to part with these deadly weapons. The League of Nations writes Philip Noel Baker, is the first attempt in history to furnish the international society of nations with the permanent and organic system of international political institutions. This attempt was an outcome of the world war. In the post-World War II period, there were discussions at several levels with a view to the limitation and control of armaments. Efforts ranged from continuous talks at the United Nations to such discussions among nuclear powers from the SALT era to the START era and it still continues What is Disarmament? Disarmament is defined as the act of laying down arms, especially reduction or abolition of a nations military forces and armaments. It is not a new concept. It has been discussed for several centuries even before the formation of League of Nations. The idea of disarmament can be traced from the writings of Sully, William Penn, Rousseau and Kant. But plans for its implementation have failed because no State was willing to pay the price that was required (i.e. to reduce there armaments and military force). The proposal of Russian Czar to Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain in 1816, however, was the first practical attempt to achieve quantitative disarmament. French monarch also made similar proposals in 1831 and on several other occasions, but with no success. The International Peace Conference at Hague in 1899 is the first great landmark in the field of disarmament because it invoked for the specific purpose of limiting armaments by national agreement. Yet another landmark was the treaty of Versailles, which drastically reduced the German armaments. Thus during 19th century and down to the time of the First World War, numerous efforts were made to achieve the limitation and reduction of national armaments by international agreements. Although there had been a great number of discussions, conventions and proposals for disarmament, the ones that claimed success were few. It had been rightly observed by an eminent author: Disarmament efforts have been many, the successive few and limited. There has never been an approach to what Cohen calls effective disarmament. Disarmament and The League of Nations The Covenant of League of Nations was adopted as a part of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It came into existence on January 10 1920 with 18 member states. According to Philip Noel Baker, the League of Nations is the first attempt in history to furnish the international society of nations with the permanent and organic system of international political institutions. This attempt was an outcome of the world war. As the League was adopted just after the world war, the framers selected achievement of widespread disarmament as its fundamental goal. Finally, the Disarmament Conference met on February 2, 1932, in Geneva. The representatives of 61 States, who participated, agreed on necessity of arms limitation, of international supervision of the arms business and of publicity of arms budget. Though the Conference failed in reconciling the French demand for security and German demand for status of equality with other European nations, it proved to be useful in solving some technical problems of the disarmament. It also became evident that the concept of security was of greater than the concept of limiting arms i.e. to say disarmament must follow rather than precede security. However the League of Nations was considered unsuccessful in achieving the concept of widespread disarmament. The efforts of the League failed on multifarious grounds. Some of the reasons of the failure of League in achieving widespread disarmament are as follows: League of Nations was not universal. It was limited to a few nations. It didnt have any effective enforcement body. The Conference for disarmament was held too late under very hostile conditions. The major reason however was that there was no unity between the nations which were members of the League. They were hostile towards each other. The rise of Hitler and the efforts of Germany in re-arming proved that League was a failure in achieving Disarmament and peace. Finally, the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946. Disarmament and The United Nations Inefficiency of the League of Nations led to the Second World War in 1939, which was the most destructive among the two. The result of the Second World War compelled the nations to establish an international organization so that mutual disputes could be resolved peacefully and peace be restored in the world. This lead to the establishment of United Nations Organization in 1945. United Nations was far more effective and efficient in promoting widespread disarmament as compared to League. It also had a greater number of member nations and a better enforcement body. The Charter of the UN provides for the regulation of armaments. The provisions of disarmament in the UN Charter are as follows: The Charter empowers the General Assembly to consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of the peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments. The Assembly can also make recommendation with regard to such principles to the Members of the Security Council. Secondly, it is further provided that in order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion to armaments, the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee (referred to in Article 47) can formulate plans for regulation of armaments. Thus the Charter aims to provide security along with the regulation of armaments by granting military powers to the U.N under Article 43. However it has to be noted that the special agreements in the Article 43 have not materialized till today. The Military Staff Committee has ceased to function and hence it never dealt in regulation of armaments. Thirdly, in order to enable the U.N. to take urgent military measures, the Charter enjoins the members to hold immediately available national air force contingents, for combined international enforcement action. However the first important step of the U.N in the field of Disarmament was of adopting a resolution on January 24, 1946, which established the U.N. Atomic Energy Commission. The function of this Commission was to regulate and reduce nuclear weapons. On June 24, 1946, United States presented a plan known as the Baruch Plan to the U.N. Atomic Energy Commission. This plan envisaged the establishment by treaty an International Atomic Development Authority which was to own, operate, manage and license all facilities for the production of atomic energy. The aim of the United States by this plan was to establish a control system independent of the Charter and the Atomic Energy Commission, which included inspection and verification of weapons especially nuclear weapons before taking major steps towards Disarmament. But this was opposed by the Soviet Union, which stuck firmly to the original Charter. The Soviet Union insisted for prior outlawing of atomic weapons and reduction of all weapons without effective international control by means of inspection. Consequently, a compromise was made by laying down certain principles, which governed the general regulation and reduction of armam ents. However when the US monopoly of nuclear weapons ended in 1949, Baruch Plan lost its importance. So a need was felt to form a body for regulation of weapons that too mainly nuclear weapons. This need led to the establishment of Disarmament Commission by the 6th General Assembly in 1952. This consolidated the U.N. Atomic Energy Commission and the U.N. Commission for Conventional Armaments. Soviet Union and the Western Allies constituted the five-power sub-committee of Disarmament Commission. Also in October 1956, another body namely International Atomic Energy Agency was established. The Agency aims to seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. It comprises of three organs namely General Conference, A Board of Governors and Staff headed by the Director General. The most important and difficult task faced by it is inspection and safeguarding of fissionable materials. The Agency is neither related to U.N. nor is an independent inter-governmental organisation. It has a special status under the aegis of the U.N. Disarmament Efforts from 1960 to 1970 Though 15 years had passed after the establishment of the United Nations, there were no significant or important steps taken for the purpose of Disarmament till 1960. The year 1960 witnessed a turning point in the disarmament debates when there was a thaw in the relation between the two super powers namely United States of America and The Soviet Union. The consequence of this thaw was the signing of four important treaties, which dealt with Disarmament. These treaties were as follows: Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) On 5th of August 1963, The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), also known as Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was signed in Moscow by the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. Finally 113 Countries became part to it, which included India, Italy etc. However, France and China did not sign this treaty. The treaty required the Parties to prohibit, prevent, and abstaining from carrying out nuclear weapons tests or any other nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space, under water, or in any other environment, if such explosions cause radioactive debris to be present outside the territorial limits of the State that conducts an explosion. However this treaty does not provide for international verification and it is understood that each party may do so by its own national technical means. Outer Space Treaty (1967) The Legal Subcommittee considered the Outer Space Treaty in 1966 and agreement was reached in the General Assembly in the same year. The Treaty was opened for signature by the three depository Governments (the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America) in January 1967, and it entered into force in October 1967. The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework on international space law, including the following disarmament principles: States shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner. The Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes; States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies. 98 States have ratified, and an additional 27 have signed the Outer Space Treaty The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (1967) The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (also known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco) obligates Latin American parties not to acquire or possess nuclear weapons, nor to permit the storage or deployment of nuclear weapons on their territories by other countries. This Treaty was signed on February 14 1967, at a regional meeting of Latin American countries at Tlatelolco, a section of Mexico City. Non Proliferation Treaty (1968) The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also referred to as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), obligates the five acknowledged nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, France, and China) not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices, or their technology to any non-nuclear-weapon state. Non-nuclear-weapon States Parties undertake not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices. They are required also to accept safeguards to detect diversions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities, such as power generation, to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. This must be done in accordance with an individual safeguards agreement, concluded between each non-nuclear-weapon State Party and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Under these agreements, all nuclear materials in peaceful civil facilities under the jurisdiction of the state must be declar ed to the IAEA, whose inspectors have routine access to the facilities for periodic monitoring and inspections. If information from routine inspections is not sufficient to fulfill its responsibilities, the IAEA may consult with the state regarding special inspections within or outside declared facilities. The Treaty was opened for signature on 01 July 1968, and signed on that date by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries. However, India refused to sign this treaty on the ground that it was discriminatory and unequal. Disarmament Decade (1970 -1980) The decade of 1970 was declared by the United Nations as the Disarmament Decade. The U.N. Agency that has been mostly involved with the goal of Disarmament was the 26 Nations U.N. Conference on the Committee on Disarmament. It celebrated its 10th anniversary in March 1970. It was very heartening to note that the U.Ns Disarmament Decade began auspiciously with the coming into force on 5th March 1970 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The decade also witnessed the signing of a number of treaties. They are as follows: Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof. This treaty was opened for signature at London, Moscow and Washington from 11 February 1971 and it came into force on 18 May 1972. The Treaty read as follows The States Parties to this Treaty undertake not to implant or emplace on the seabed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil thereof beyond the outer limit of a sea-bed zone, any nuclear weapons or any other types of weapons of mass destruction as well as structures, launching installations or any other facilities specifically designed for storing, testing or using such weapons. However it has to be noted that the treaty prohibited only the placement and fixation of weapons on the seabed and is silent about mobile launchers and submarines, which are likely to remain a principle means of nuclear warfare. Thus it is evident that treaties dealing with nuclear disarmament that were made by U.S.A and Russia had the aim of preventing the non-nuclear countries from acquiring atomic weapons, rather than to regulating and giving up of their own armaments. Hence India did not sign this treaty, which was one-sided. In-spite of all this limitations, this treaty succeeded from barring nuclear weapons from 70% of the earths surface, which was a significant contribution towards disarmament efforts. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks took place between U.S.A and the Soviet Union on May 1972. The aim of these talks was to find a way for both sides to agree on plans that would limit and perhaps some day reduce their vast nuclear arsenals. However this agreement permitted both the countries to replace existing offensive nuclear missiles with more sophisticated weapons as technological advance permits. Hence it was said by the Chinese Chief Mr. Chiao Kua Hua that Soviet American agreement to limit Strategic Arms be in no way regarded as a step towards nuclear disarmament. On the contrary, it marks the beginning of a new chapter in the Soviet American arms race. Convention on the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapon and on their Destruction. This convention was drafted by the conference of the committee on Disarmament and was commenced by the General Assembly on December 16 1971. On April 10 1972, it was opened for signature with a special request of the then Secretary General Kurt Waldheim that the convention may be signed and ratified as early as possible. The aim of the treaty was to promote general disarmament and for that purpose, it prohibited development, production and stockpiling of chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons. Geneva Disarmament Conference (1974) It began on 17 April 1974 with 25 nations participating. The aim of this conference was to prohibit the use of nuclear weapons under the ground. It also dealt in making an agreement regarding Chemical Weapons. Special Session of General Assembly on Disarmament (1978) The Special Session on Disarmament was held by the General Assembly from 23rd May to 1st July 1978 at United Nations Headquarters. Before the end of the session, a Final Document consisting of an Introduction, a Declaration, a Programme of Action, and Recommendations concerning the international machinery for disarmament negotiations. Under the Programme of Action, the Assembly set out a series of suggestions for negotiation and in Declaration, which is the part of the Final Document, it urged that the resources released through disarmament be used to promote the well being of all peoples and to improve the economic conditions of developing countries. The main aim of this Session was to strengthen the international disarmament negotiating machinery. Disarmament Efforts after 1980 After 1980, there was a revolution of technology. It affected almost all the fields including the field of armaments. With the development of technology, new types of weapons with immense destructive capacities were invented. Hence it was necessary to promote disarmament and regulate the creation of these armaments. Following are the important developments in the field of disarmament, which took place after 1980. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons that may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (1981) It dealt with the prohibition of very harmful conventional weapons. These included prohibition of weapons that emitted radiation harmful to human body, prohibition and regulation of mines, booby traps, incendiary weapons (weapons that cause fire when used) and blinding laser weapons. Rarotonga Treaty (1985) In 1983, 16 years after the Treaty of Tlatelolco was opened for signature, Australia proposed to establish a nuclear weapon free zone in the South Pacific. As a result of the negotiations between the concerned States, a treaty was signed on August 6, 1985, in the city of Rarotonga, capital of the Cook Islands, establishing the proposed zone. Treaty on Open Skies (1992) The Treaty on Open Skies entered opened for signature on 24 March 1992, currently has 34 States Parties. The Treaty established a regime of unarmed aerial observation flights over the entire territory of its participants. The Treaty was designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Treaty on Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date to promote openness and transparency of military forces and activities. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1995) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was adopted as a result of the Geneva Conference, which took place in June 1995. This treaty was adopted with the view of removing the shortcomings of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It contained a comprehensive plan to prohibit nuclear tests. However, it was silent on the question regarding the destruction of already existing nuclear stockpiles. However this treaty was flouted by America by developing a super nuclear weapon capable of destroying targets placed under the ground. On the one hand, America has been pressurizing other countries to sign the treaty and on the other hand, it has been developing destructive nuclear weapons. These types of stand taken by America were severely criticized by many countries including India. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (1997) This treaty is also known as Ottawa Treaty and was proposed by Canada. The main aim of the treaty was to destroy all types of Anti Personnel mines. The treaty also required that besides stopping the production and development of mines, a party to the treaty must destroy all the mines in its possession within 4 years. Just a small number of mines are allowed to remain for training (mine-clearance, detection, etc.). India and Disarmament Since Independence, India has consistently pursued the objective of global disarmament based on the principles of universality, non-discrimination and effective compliance. Given the horrific destructive capacity of nuclear weapons, India has always believed that a world free of nuclear weapons would enhance both global security and Indias own national security. Thus India has always advocated that the highest priority be given to nuclear disarmament as a first step towards general and complete disarmament. In 1978, India proposed negotiations for an international convention that would prohibit the use of threat of use of nuclear weapons. This was followed by another initiative in 1982 calling for a nuclear freeze i.e. prohibition on the production of fissile material for weapons, on production of nuclear weapons, and related delivery systems. At the special sessions of the United Nations General Assembly on disarmament, India put forward a number of serious proposals including the 1988 Comprehensive Plan for total elimination of weapons of mass destruction in a phased manner. It was a matter of regret that the proposals made by India along with several other countries did not receive a positive responsive and instead, a limited and distorted non-proliferation agenda, meant above all to perpetuate nuclear weapons was shaped. India didnt sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty because India considered these treaties as discriminatory and unequal. Both of these treaties were put forward by the nuclear power U.S.A, which later flouted these treaties. Thus according to India, these treaties were the ways designed by the nuclear powers to keep away nuclear know-how from non-nuclear states. However India has signed and ratified other treaties and conventions like Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention etc. This shows that India is an active country, which supports and takes actions for the promotion of disarmament. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that disarmament process is a very difficult one, but is very important in promoting international peace and security. However, complete disarmament can be obtained only if there is no threat to security of a nation or an individual and to achieve this task, there should be a strict and organized international order and absence of terrorist organizations. Unless this is achieved, the concept of disarmament will remain as the monopoly of the powerful nation to suppress other nations. The U.S attack on Iraq is a fresh example of this.

RBC bank (Canada) & sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RBC bank (Canada) & sustainability - Essay Example and 56 other countries1. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability The company claims to have positive economic, environmental and social impact in its areas of operations. In the view of the President and CEO of the company Gordon M. Nixon corporate responsibility for the company is about the way company uses and makes money2. Company has set six priorities for its corporate social responsibility which are operational integrity, economic impact, market place, work place, environment and community. Within the environmental priorities company is determined to reduce the intensity of the environmental footprint of RBC Canada, promote environmentally responsible business activities and offer environmental products and services3. Sustainable Growth and Priorities of RBC Canada RBC Canada has developed and adopted significant policies and procedures for the sustainable developments which are included in the corporate priorities. Some of these are as follow: Reduce the Intensity o f the Environmental Footprint of RBC RBCs environmental footprint consists of range of activities of the company from the internal environment to the external environment. Company has tracked all the areas of operations that can have environmental impact and identified the ways to minimize the environmental impact. These include use of energy, paper consumption, and water use and procurement activities. In these areas company is minimizing its environmental footprint. Vital statistics4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions The company studied and identified the direct and indirect greenhouse gas emission by the company. This includes the source of electricity, production and distribution of documents and employee travel5. The company has Carbon Disclosure Project submission6. The key highlights of the progress of the company indicate that there are number of energy and greenhouse gas related initiatives. They launched a multi-year Energy Management Plan across the retail branch network in Canada . This consists of 200 lighting retrofits and 80 heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) efficiency assessment7. The company has drafted a comprehensive policy for their environmental and risk management policy. As per this policy all the management decisions should be consider social and environmental risk. There have been tremendous developments in order to make this policy workable in the organization such as assessment of client’s environmental management systems, liabilities, community relations, environmental and labor regulations, community relations and the overall impact on air, land and water. They provided training to 250 employees of RBC Capital Market and Group Risk Management. These people were trained so that the new policy can be applied successfully. In the commercial lending activities, company has been taking care in the commercial lending activities in accordance with this policy. There have been various training provided to risk managers on envir onmental risks and risk management in various lending and investment banking. It has also transferred many of the paper related activities through the electronic documentation process and saved nearly 11.3 million sheets of

The Law of Personal Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Law of Personal Property - Essay Example The reluctance of the courts to interfere with the terms of the contract has led to the development of rules which relate to the 'incorporation' (whether the clause is a part of the contract) and 'construction' (whether the clause covers the breach). The potential of the approach has been limited by the House of Lords. Incorporation requires any clause to have been incorporated as a term of the contract for it to be effective. Incorporation of clauses, most commonly limited liability clauses may take place through one of the three ways which will be briefly discussed. Firstly it can be through inclusion in the contractual document duly signed by the other party. (L'Estrange v Graucob1) Secondly the clause can be incorporate through provision of reasonable notice at or before the time of contract, so if notice is provided late it will stand void (Chapelton v. Barry UDC2). Finally the clause may be incorporate through a 'course of dealing', which is presumed when exclusion clause had been part of the previous contracts that had been made between the parties. (Kendall (Henry) & Sons v. Lillico (William) & Sons Ltd)3 After establishing the incorporation the next issue is that on proper construction the particular breach which has occurred is covered by the clause. (Andrews v. Singer4) The courts have stated that due to the statutory provisions there is a lesser need for adoption of strained constructions of clauses so as to limit their scope.( Lord Wilberforce in Photo Production Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd.) Further at one point in time the Court of Appeal had stated that an exclusion clause would not apply where a fundamental breach had taken place. A fundamental breach has been said to occur when either there has been a breach of a particularly important term or through a breach depriving then entirety of the benefits of the contract to the other party. The exclusion clauses are now regulated by the statutory framework that is Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977(UCTA). It is important to point out that the Act operates alongside the common law and so it remains open to strike down a clause through the rules of common law without the need to take into account the effect of the UCTA. This can be best explained by saying that an argument of incorporation of the clause into the contract can be raised. Thus it can be said that the validity of a clause is entirely dependent on both common law and the statutory controls that is UCTA and Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999. The main or primary concern of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 is to deal with the limitation and exclusion clauses and so it is not concerned with the unfair terms which are prevalent in a contract. The provisions are therefore essential concerned with business liability that the liabilities which arise in the course of a business. So if a private individual has laid down an exclusion clause then this would be subject to the common law rules which have been discussed. The course of business had been construed in R & B Customs Brokers v. UDT5 where it was found that certain contracts which are entered into by a business do not fall within the ambit of 'in the course of business' The different ways of limitation or exclusion of liability are found in s.13. Most of the provisions which have

Conflict management and negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict management and negotiation - Essay Example In almost every task,preparation spells the difference whether the task has a big chance of being a success or coming out as a failure,A good plan means that the communicator is able profile the other person to acquire as much information as possible on how to interact with that person that would bring about the best results Furthermore, during the course of a conversation for negotiation or conflict management, a good communicator should be aware of the reaction of the other person. Just like Newton's Third Law of Physics, â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† (Bonito, 2004, p. 705). Reactions could range from verbal to non-verbal cues. After a conversation, the communicator should be able to reflect on the ways he or she is able to converse with the other person (Gross & Alberts, 2004, p.252). What went wrong? What was good? How can things be improved? Furthermore, a deeper reflection would have the communicator realize the many possibilities of how the words would be absorbed by the other person (Bonito, 2004, p. 706). Completing this process would eventually result in better communication skills for the person, particularly in terms of negotiation and conflict management. This paper aims to analyze the responses from the questionnaire and come up with a reflection on improving the weaknesses in the cognitive communication competence of the respondent. COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2 Summary of Responses Planning Cognitions Questionnaire answers show that planning cognition is not the strongest ability of the respondent. However, it is also not weak. Diction, tone of voice, and facial expression appear to be the primary concern in approaching another person. â€Å"What the others are thinking or talking about?† appears to be the key question in the planning process. This is a safe approach because it shows that the respondent considers the other person before starting a conversation. The downside here is that the respondent could be considering the other person too much, which could affect the planning process. Modeling Cognitions Upon review of the responses, this appears to be one of the strengths of the respondent. The respondent shows a sharp skill in sizing up the situation and the reactions and responses of the people involved in the conversation. This is obvious in group conversations, where the respondent shows a great ability to detect whose approval to immediately gain in the group. There is some sort of a political sense at play during this process, where the respondent is smooth in the subtle skill of â€Å"divide and conquer.† Presence Cognitions This appears to be one of the respondent's strengths in communication and negotiation. The respondent is able to proactively think of the next step even before everyone else has moved forward. This stems from the respondents ability to size up the environment and the people involved in the conversation. Rebuttals to arguments are almost non-existent, because they are answered before they are even expressed. The respondent also knows how to inject his/her COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 4 position by subtle control of the flow of conversation. Reflection Cognitions The respondent shows a need for improvement in this area. After every conversation, a thorough reflection of what occurred should immediately follow. This would ensure a better interaction the next time he or she encounters the same people, especially if about the same topic. Moreover, the respondent should also reflect on the image he or she is able to portray to others. No process is perfect as it is, and a constant desire to learn from what has transpired is a good characteristic for continuous development. Consequence

Architectural theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Architectural theory - Essay Example This has been accelerated by the technological advancements in the field that has further led to the expansion of knowledge of the design theory of architecture. When looking at the design theory in architecture it is vital we consider the newly founded styles of architecture that is; contemporary, post-modernism and modernism Looking at architectural style of modernism, it is a style that was founded in the early years of the twentieth century. The roots and good qualities of modernist architecture have been safe guarded and are displayed in Marseilles, France at Le Corbusier's iconic Unite d'Habitation. The modernist architects were against the ways of their predecessors who had ornamental architectural designs. These modernist architects were of a rather different perspective of architecture whereby their interest laid creating space and structure exactly the way it’s needed. The design of a simple structure that had a structure of the natural world that surrounded them is a good example of how modernist architects thought. ... This era came in the early 1970s. Postmodernism was more of a blend between modernism and the era that was before modernism. This was due to the fact postmodernist architects had decorative and ornamental features and additions to their designs of buildings. This architecture was therefore an improvement of their predecessors although it had decorations and unplanned angles. Over the years with the advancement in technology, the discovery of new architectural ideas and concepts and ultimately the expansion of the architectural field, post-modernist architecture has come to be more modifiable and also more sculptural. These properties of post-modernist architecture are a response to the prior modernist architectural look, design and movement. The post-modernist architecture has over time transformed into a more profound, less rigid and sculptural form of architecture for example: the work of famous post-modernist architect Richard Rogers which was design of the Centre Georges Pompidou museum in Paris, France and also the work of another famous post-modernist architect Frank Gehry which was design of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. When we talk about contemporary architecture we basically mean all the architecture that was developed in the 1980s. However this architecture has evolved over time due to the advancement in technology, the discovery of new architectural ideas and concepts and ultimately the expansion of the architectural field. Computer advancements have made it possible the simulation of architectural designs which has shed light into conceptual thinking and architectural styles. These computer advancements have taken the theoretical thinking and insight into recent architectural styles to new heights and have brought up a

73 PROPERTY LAW QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED WITH 73 ANSWERS, ONE ANSWER Essay

73 PROPERTY LAW QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED WITH 73 ANSWERS, ONE ANSWER FOR EACH QUESTION - Essay Example s laundry, or pay the rent, the former being personal and the latter being proprietary, and the burden under the personal covenants would run with the land provided the assignment was NOT in contradiction of any of the covenant stipulations. Moreover, the only time a burden under the covenant may not run with the land is when it is expressed to be personal (s 2 and 3 of the LTCA 1995). This shall be considered below. (a) As regards the repair covenant, it is enforceable against the assignee, as the burden passes to Meg by power of the statute so long as the assignment was not in contradiction of any other covenant. Since Emma was obligated to obtain consent of the landlord under the lease prior to an assignment (probably to make her sign an Authorised Guarantee Agreement under ss 5 and 16 of the LTCA) which she did not, it is reasonable to assume that she has breached the covenant herself, hence, she was not statutorily released from liability (s 5). Thus, Richard may sue Emma for damages for breach and Meg for specific performance, though it is difficult to enforce a repairing covenant as the courts regard it harder to monitor. However, in light of exceptional circumstances, where the tenant is in breach of her covenant to obtain consent before assignment, it is likely that the courts would grant specific performance to Richard against Meg requiring her to repair the property (Rainbow Estates v Tokenhold (1988)), owing to Richard’s benefit of the repair covenant. Moreover, since there is no distinction made under the act between personal and proprietary covenants, nor was it expressed the be personal, Richard may enforce the painting covenant against Meg (ss 2 and 3 of the LTCA). (b) Richard has the ability to forfeit the lease owing to the forfeiture clause in the original lease and thereby obtain possession of the property. However, in order to do this successfully, he needs to follow the exact procedure laid down in s 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925

Multinational strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multinational strategies - Research Paper Example McDonalds is one of the leading restaurants that have been able to incorporate itself in the international market. It also has taken down local restaurants that are well established in foreign countries. In each country that McDonalds has a restaurant, it also has offices and subsidies that assist it to penetrate the market. Subsidies assist the firm in advertising its products in an international market (Terpstra, 2009). They can communicate with the head offices, in this case McDonalds U.S.A, and advise them on what products the country they wish to venture in would prefer. Strategic issues that face multinational managers today are: poor competencies in marketing and poor sales and distributions in foreign countries (Wilkinson, 2007). Multinational managers face challenges of incorporating into international markets because most of them shy away from employing experienced personnel in the global divisions. Therefore, they make poor decisions. They should, however, avoid incompetent personnel and employ people who have good knowledge of the international market. McDonalds Corporation can benefit from local responsiveness since it occurs due to change in the customers’ preferences (Wilkinson, 2007). They could use this to determine what their customers want and hence use it to their

Investigate osmosis in blood cells Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigate osmosis in blood cells - Lab Report Example The cellular geometry, that is, the biconcave disc shape of red cells, is critical for the cells' survival. This cell surface shape provides a high ratio of surface area to cellular volume. The normal volume of the erythrocyte is approximately 90 m3. The minimum surface area that could encase this volume is a sphere of approximately 98 m3. The surface area of a biconcave disc enclosing this volume is approximately 140 m3. Thus, shape alone provides the red cell with a considerable amount of redundant membrane and cytoskeleton. This feature provides the extra membrane surface area needed when red cells swell. More importantly, this geometric arrangement allows red cells to stretch as they undergo deformation and distortion in response to the mechanical stress of the circulation. The consequent reduction in tolerance of these cells to osmotic stress explains why anaemias resulting from membrane defects often are accompanied by osmotic fragility, the basis for the clinical laboratory te st. Similarly, if erythrocytes are engorged with water, they become macrospherocytic and less deformable (Dacie, J. V., Lewis, S. M., and Luzzatto, L., 1981). Red Cell Membrane Permeability: The normal red cell membrane is nearly impermeable to monovalent and divalent cations, thereby maintaining a high potassium, low sodium, and very low calcium content. In contrast, the red cell is highly permeable to water and anions, which are readily exchanged. As a result, erythrocytes behave as nearly perfect osmometers. Water and ion transport pathways in the red cell membrane include energy-driven membrane pumps, gradient-driven systems, and various channels. An important feature of the normal red cell is its ability to maintain a constant volume. The mechanisms by which red cells "sense" changes in cell volume and activate appropriate volume regulatory pathways are unknown. The effects of disruption of the red cell permeability barrier are illustrated by complement-mediated hemolysis. Complement activation on the red cell surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex, which is composed of terminal complement components embedded in th e lipid bilayer. This multimolecular complex acts as a cation channel, allowing passive movements of sodium, potassium, and calcium across the membrane according to their concentration gradients. Attracted by fixed anions, such as hemoglobin, ATP, and 2,3-BPG, sodium accumulates in the cell in excess of potassium loss and of the compensatory efforts of the Na+-K+ pump. The resulting increase in intracellular monovalent cations and water is followed by cell swelling and ultimately colloid osmotic hemolysis (Dacie, J. V., Lewis, S. M., and Luzzatto, L., 1981). Rationale of the Test: Osmotic activity in the red cells is tested by adding increasingly hypotonic concentrations of saline solution to red cells. As a result of osmosis, more and more water from the increasingly hypotonic solution will enter the red cells leading to increased volume of red cells by swelling. If the concentration goes beyond threshold, more water will enter into the cells which already are at maximum volume for surface area, and will burst at the most hypotonic normal saline concentrations. However, after incubation at 37C (98.6F) for 30 mins, these red cells will lose membrane surface area more readily than normal because their

Story begun Essay Example for Free

Story begun Essay He was a basic middle class male who was raised to respect women and never hit them. His name was John, an author of 2 best selling books and had started his own publishing house in short he got it all to be a best husband and father. He is my friend. His story begun when his wife wanted to have a sperm donor in order to get pregnant, even though their doctors agreed that both of them are physically fine and there’s no reason for his wife not to get pregnant and it was just 4 months since they are trying but it seems that his wife was on rush for everything. On a Saturday evening of 1994, his wife Maria slapped him so hard when disagree with her idea of having a sperm donor, he had confronted her not to do that again but instead she just verbally abused him by saying harsh things such as â€Å"Coward dog! † These things hurt him physically and emotionally. It hasn’t end there his wife’s friend left a note that his wife would just use him to have a baby and later on dumped him for divorce. Worst comes to worst when his wife was also hurt his mother physically which had resulted to a bone fracture in knees and hands. Look more:  the story of an hour literary analysis essay All of these incidents were reported to 911 but ironically who would believe in our society that a man could be called a battered husband? The police even threatened him that he will be arrested for trespassing (imagine in his own house, which he bought by his own money), if he will go back inside the house. Instead of arguing with the police and wait for the medical assistance for his mom, he just drove away and went to the nearest hospital and let the doctor examined his mother. As of today, John got his divorce and never saw his wife again, but the sad part of this is he got no justice at all. Imagine if the situation was reversed: the husband slapped his healthy wife for not having a child after 4 months of trying, shrugged off a written letter found by his wife where the husband agreed with his buddy about dumping his wife after tricking her to get pregnant, beat his wifes mother badly enough to required x-rays. Do you really believe the police and the courts would have treated that case in the same way? Nowadays we have so many crisis centers for abused and molested women and children. This centers helped them to get out and win the battle that they are facing but how about our counterparts? I mean those MEN in our communities, especially my friend, yes they can be also victims of violence, and they also need the same kind of attention and protection. Our society and government should take these laws in general and not by gender as what was John had experienced, people should not be biased about this matter just because the victim is a man.

Energy & capability Essay Example for Free

Energy capability Essay Energy has been defined as the capability to produce an effect, it can be stored within a system and can be transferred from one system to another and use it in our everyday life. Generally, countries around the world benefited most their energy consumption from oil. Unfortunately, oil crisis affects every nation since producers and sellers monopolize its price as well as its production but apparent drawbacks are expected due to depletion of oil reserves and environmental pollution. The United States merely consumes one-fifth of the world’s oil produced and 35% of it utilize for transportation hence oil importation ought to resolve through alternative energy utilization. It is good to hear that researches and new technologies of alternative energy production and usage have been recently prioritized by the government. There’s only one way to insulate the US from the corrosive power of oil, and that’s to develop an alternative energy resource that’s readily available domestically: hydrogen . Hydrogen is the simplest, most abundant element and it is lighter than air and can be found in the atmosphere in an insoluble substance gas. It is only available on earth in a compound state like water (H2O), coal, petroleum and methane (CH4). It has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight (about three times more than gasoline), but the lowest energy content by volume (about four times less than gasoline), an energy carrier and derivative of other chemicals that can be produced from a variety of resources (water, fossil fuels, biomass) . Hydrogen can be extracted with no environmental pollution effects through â€Å"steam reforming in which natural gas reacts chemically with steam to produce hydrogen and CO2, electrolysis which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen and the latest discoveries from cultured microbes that emits hydrogen , all require expensive financial support from the government. The fuel cell is an electrochemical devise that can continuously convert chemical energy into electrical energy of power as long as fuel and a reactant are supplied hence chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell create electricity leaving only water as byproduct unlike internal combustion engines that also generate carbon monoxides hazardous to man and environment as well. Hydrogen often described as the perfect fuel for it does not explode, environment-friendly exploitation and exhaustible major reserve of water will never run out of hydrogen however, considerable amount of energy is needed for steady production of hydrogen. The higher temperature fuel cells can reform natural gas for instance, gaseous hydrogen must be compressed and stored in tolerable high pressure tank to hold enough fuel for travel while liquid hydrogen demands more than -4000F for refrigeration both require high temperatures for fuel to recuperate. Adoption of hydrogen technology should settle first the hydrogen fuel-tank problem, mass production of fuel cell vehicles, alter fueling infrastructure to hydrogen, intensify hydrogen production and public campaign to sell the hydrogen economy . Indeed, importation of fuels can be minimized plus pollution free environment consequently upsurge economic growth. BIBLIOGRAPHY Richard Sonntag Claus Borgnakke. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 6th ed. (New York: John Wiley Sons, 2004), p21 Joann Jovinelly. Oil : The Economics of Fuel. (New York : The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008). Peter Schwartz Doug Randall. How Hydrogen Can Save America. Wired, April 11, 2009, http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/11. 04/hydrogen. html? pg=1topic=topic_set= Edward Cummings ed. The Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 12. (Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier International, 2002). Energy Information Administration. Hydrogen. October 2008, http://www. eia. doe. gov Greg Bolt. From Microbes to Hydrogen Fuel. Physorg. com, March 24, 2009, http://www/physorg. com/news157140535. html Kurt C. Rolle. Thermodynamics and Heat Power 6th ed. (New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2005), p593 Bryan Woodbury. Hydrogen the Perfect Fuel. 1997, http://www. commutercars. com/h2/

Class on Genres in Literature

Class on Genres in Literature CAMBRIDGE LESSON 6 Focus of the lesson: Writing in different genres and registers Write in different voices and viewpoints Improve style and accuracy This session will help you develop essential writing skills for the written section of your paper where you are expected to write creatively GENRE To be clear about the type of writing you are aiming for, you need to identify and understand four key areas genre, audience, purpose and style. Make these part of your planning when you start to write a non-fiction text. Genre, audience, purpose and style or GAPS! With each piece of writing you will be tested on your understanding of genre, audience, purpose and style, so you need to be clear about the kind of writing you are aiming for who exactly are you writing for and what you are trying to tell them? For example, your text might be trying to: change someones opinion encourage someone to do something in particular make sure your audience knows and understands something The examiner wants to see that you can adapt the way you write to meet different genres, audiences and purposes. Identifying GAPS When it comes to the writing tasks in the exam, your first step is to clearly identify: the genre what type of text should you be writing, eg a magazine article the audience who will be reading your text, eg teenagers the purpose of your text, e.g. to convince people to do more sport your chosen writing style, e.g. informal Make notes on these four areas and use them to help plan your writing. Show that you understand how each of these will persuade the examiner to give you marks. EXAMPLES Common genres: fiction Classic fiction that has become part of an accepted literary canon, widely taught in schools Crime/detective fiction about a crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the repercussions of the crime Fable narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale Fairy tale story about fairies or other magical creatures Fan fiction fiction written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV seriesxs, movie, or book Fantasy fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality Fiction in verse full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in verse form (usually free verse) Fiction narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact Folklore the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or folk as handed down by word of mouth Historical fiction story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting Horror fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader Humour Usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres Legend story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material Magical realism story where magical or unreal elements play a natural part in an otherwise realistic environment Meta fiction also known as romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature, uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a work of art, while exposing the truth of a story Mystery this is fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unravelling of secrets Mythology legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behaviour and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods Mythopoeia fiction in which characters from religious mythology, traditional myths, folklore and history are recast into a re-imagined realm created by the author Picture book picture storybook is a book with very little words and a lot of pictures, picture stories are usually for little kids Realistic fiction story that is true to life Science fiction story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets Short story fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots Suspense/thriller fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm Tall tale humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance Western set in the American Old West frontier and typically set in the late eighteenth to late nineteenth century Common genres: nonfiction Biography/autobiography narrative of a persons life; a true story about a real person Essay a short literary composition that reflects the authors outlook or point. Journalism reporting on news and current events Lab Report a report of an experiment Memoir factual story that focuses on a significant relationship between the writer and a person, place, or object; reads like a short novel Narrative nonfiction/personal narrative factual information about a significant event presented in a format which tells a story Reference book such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopaedia, almanac, or atlas Self-help book information with the intention of instructing readers on solving personal problems. Speech public address or discourse Textbook authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic. ACTIVITY 1 Class discussion on identifying genres. By identifying the genre, the reader is able to identify what type of effect the writer is going for and can help when discussing themes. WRITING IN DIFFERENT VOICES AND VIEWPOINTS Narrative writing is the most traditional form of creative writing: its telling a story. The trick to getting high marks is not to tell a story in the traditional way. Think about interesting ways to tackle the different aspects of the narrative. Who is telling the story? Is it first person? Is someone in the story telling the reader directly? In these kinds of narratives the narrator might be the main character or it might be someone who is very minor. Imagine the story of Cinderella told from the point of view of the mouse who gets turned into her footman. Hed have a very different view of the story and what would life be like after hes turned back into a mouse. If the narrator is a specific character, that character needs to be reflected in the way the story gets told the comments or asides which they make to the reader might show who they really are. Perhaps the narrator in the example above would keep making comments about cheese. If its someone unexpected then keeping that quiet for a while can lead to an effective ending. Are you an all-knowing narrator? The story is told in the third person, but the narrator might need to tell the audience what the characters are thinking. Or perhaps there is a secret in the characters past which the reader needs to know to understand whats going on. Or, is the narration limited to what a single observer can see? This works well for stories which are shrouded in mystery, or follow a small event in detail. Twist in the tale stories need these kinds of limits. The person who is supposed to be telling the story will determine the voice you write in. If the narrator is someone serious, the tone will be serious. If the narrator is a bit of a joker, the tone will be more informal. Dont tell the reader about the narrator directly let the way you write do it for you. Plot is what turns a list of events into a story. Its the connection between different events that show cause and effect. Make sure that events in your story happen for a reason, and that they affect the characters. ACTIVITY 2 Exercise: pick a word at random. Give yourself two minutes to think of as many different possible stories related to that word as possible the more creatively you use the word the better. Lost, for example, might be a story about getting lost in a wood, or losing a game, or a story set in a lost property office. Or maybe someone has lost something which is very important to them but the reader doesnt understand why its so important until the very end of the story. The plot is why its important, how it got lost, and why its needed now. ORDER The order in which you tell the story is important. It might seem natural to tell a story from beginning to end but mixing up the chronology or timeline of a story is a good way to make it more interesting. It still needs to make sense, but it doesnt have to be in order. Some different possibilities are telling the story in flashback, starting from the most dramatic point and then explaining how everyone got there. Or you might want to start at the end and work your way back to the beginning. Starting in the middle of the action is a good way to capture the interest of the reader. In the exam, make a quick bullet point plan of the plot and then write numbers next to the bullet points to remind yourself what order youre going to write them in. Because creative writing assessments are quite short, its best not to get too complicated with plot or ordering one twist is enough, or one change to the chronology. Characters In a short story you dont have time to include a lot of characters- one or two main characters is enough. You can include some other minor characters if you need them to make the plot work, but not too many. Only give names to major characters it will help the reader to work out who matters enough to remember. Make each character distinctive. Think of one characteristic physical or personal which summarises them. In your planning, note down each character and their unique identifying point, with two or three different ways of referring to it. Referring to the same thing in different ways reinforces the character and it adds cohesion to the whole story. When you check through your work make sure that each character talks in the way youd expect them to. If youve got a member of the royal family in your story, they wont talk like you and your friends. Whos talking?: Dunno, shurrup. Werent me. Im not entirely sure. Could you perhaps repeat yourself? An unusual setting can be a way to make a narrative really interesting. Changing the setting can make a story out of something every day. There are some events listed below. First think where they normally occur, and then choose somewhere completely different to produce an interesting story idea. ACTIVITY 3 EVENT NORMAL SETTING UNSUSUAL SETTING Football game Wedding Lessons Sleeping Listening to music Teaching a class Barbecue Dont forget to use your usual toolkit of effective writing techniques. Vary your sentences for effect long ones to build suspense, and short ones to provide punch lines. Use a variety of punctuation. You should make sure that you include some literary devices but only where they have effect. A metaphor or a simile is a great way of creating an image for the reader, but it needs to be appropriate. Pick a simile which emphasises an important characteristic, or an important plot point. If a main character is cross, then perhaps his face looked like a raincloud. Try to avoid using clichà ©s. Dont use metaphors which dont support the effect you are aiming for. Choose the words you use carefully, to create an impact on the reader. Adjectives can tell us a lot about a character, but use too many and they lose strength. Even when writing prose you can use techniques like onomatopoeia (words that sound like their meaning) or alliteration (repetition of the same sound) to create an effect. Dont forget to check that youve got the basics right -capitals, full stops and spelling. There is no point in using advanced techniques if you forget the basics you wont get full credit when it comes to being marked. At least a third of the marks for writing go to accurate sentences, varied for effect. Remember: USE GOOD ENGLISH, ALWAYS CHECK FOR ERRORS AND USING CORRECT PUNCTUATION

Byronic Hero Essay :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical heroes are perfect, they do everything right. However they are unrelateable because of it in the Romantic Era. Byron created a new kind of hero the Byronic Hero, in the movie First Blood, John Rambo is the perfect example of a Byronic Hero. In this movie John Rambo is rebellious, dark natured, hyper-sensitive, and passionate. He is willing to do whatever it takes for his cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Rambo is an ex-Green Beret, a peacetime misfit haunted by memories of Vietnam. He has no family and no one helped out of his plantation. He was tortured in Vietnam by enemies. He is dark natured through the whole movie. He has no friends; the only person he has left is his Colonel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Rambo passes through a small town in western Canada an over-zealous sheriff stops him and gives him a hard time. As the cops clean him up at the station he is reminded of how he was tortured in Vietnam. He goes crazy and beats the crap out of five cops and runs off into the mountains. This slows characteristics of the Byronic Hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Rambo may seem like and evil villain but he is not, just confused and very hard to understand. Rambo is very hyper-sensitive and emotional through the whole movie. Getting upset about his past and having very emotional flash-backs of Vietnam. He has a passion for what he thinks is right. At the end of the movie Rambo gets very emotional talking about his friends at war and how they died and how he drove million dollar machines in the military and in the real world he couldn’t even hold down a job at the car wash. So as he talks about this he is crying and holding his colonels arm. You understand after that part in the movie that he is a Byronic Hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a way you feel sorry for Rambo in the end of the movie because of the way he is, but it is not his fault.

A Painting by Paula Rego called The Family - The Stimulus for our Dram

A Painting by Paula Rego called The Family - The Stimulus for our Drama Piece INTRODUCTION In this essay I will be discussing the work that I have done in the first module of performance studies. The aim of this module was to develop technical skills in dance, drama and music and using the performance process of improvising, rehearsing and performing and then applying these skills to four performance pieces. We carried out several skills workshops to help develop confidence in all 3 thematic areas to a more even consistency as some members of our group had never done dance, music and some hadn't taken expressive arts GCSE. In this module I developed skills in all three areas, some completely new skills (for example in dance) and those skills, which I already knew but developed them to a higher standard of performance. I also learnt the processes of constructing a performance piece in performance studies and skills that are applicable in all three thematic areas. I will elaborate on how I have developed these skills during this module in this essay. THE DRAMA PIECE The stimulus we were given for our drama piece was a painting by Paula Rego called "The Family" which contained a lot of ideas for interpretation, especially work on proxemics, which we had previously studied in our skills workshops. "The Family" shows an ambiguous relationship between men, women and children and the variation in the 'traditional' status of a father, mother and daughter figures. It is important to bear in mind during stages of improvisation that character and plot development are not always the most essential part of a drama piece. More advanced performance skills should be taken into account, such as tension, proxemics and physicality and the subtext created as a result of the effective use of these techniques, which our drama piece evolved around. We decided that the most direct way of communication was to produce a distinct sexual subtext between two characters, and in our case this was the father and the daughter. Initial brainstorms we had were focused on light, physicality and gesture in the picture and we didn't want it to be 'story - led' as we felt this would be too simplistic and wouldn't allow us to explore our skills and techniques as performers. In the early stages of improvisation, we decided that tension was vital in our scene, so this had to be created by si... ...med our dance to a structured rhythm sequence to show the evolving of the evil dominating the pure and good. But as I said before, there seemed to be no real motivation behind our piece. I did feel thought that although we had no dialogue, it was unnecessary to do so and I think that the studying of Boal and Pinter really helped with this. I think that, as a group we realised that plot and character development weren't important at that stage. By not having any characters but just acting the gestus of our role, we portrayed the mannerisms, which as a result created tension because of the content of the scene. I do feel that because we didn't have characters such, the other skills we had refined were lacking. This is the one piece that I actually would like to do again as I don't feel we devised and performed this to the best of our abilities. I think I would've liked to keep the music and dance pieces but adjusted the drama to include the kind of energy we had had in the drama piece where the piece was 'loaded' with subtext. This I feel was not dramatic and didn't convey the ideas to the audience that we wanted to. I don't believe this piece was as successful as it could have been.

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and Surgery :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and Surgery Spasticity a disorder of muscle function that causes muscle tightness or spasm. It is the involuntary movement (jerking) of muscles, which occurs when there is damage to the central nervous system. This damage may result from a traumatic brain, injury stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis (1). Symptoms may include hypertonicity (increased muscle tone), clonus (a series of rapid muscle contractions), exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, muscle spasms, scissoring (involuntary crossing of the legs), and fixed joints (2). Spasticity may be as mild as the feeling of stiffness or tightness of muscles, or it may be so severe as to produce painful uncontrollable spasms of the extremities, usually of the legs. It may also produce feelings of pain or tightness in and around joints and can also cause low back pain (3). Some people find that spasticity is so severe or frequent that it disrupts their life. Health care professional suggest a number of things to calm or stop spasticity: range-of- motion exercises, stress management, prescription drugs, physical therapy regimens, and or surgery. Each offers some help, but treatments like medication and surgery bring complications. The patient is forced to decide if decreasing spasticity is worth the side effects from drugs or loss of some movement and feeling from surgery. Many people who have spasticity take few, if any, medications to control their spasticity (4). While spasticity cannot be cured, some of the problems associated with spasticity can be cared for in a number of ways. At this present time, there are several medications and surgical methods that are used to help treat spasticity. In most cases, treatments consist of combinations of different medications, implantation devices, and surgery. The investigation of this paper deals with a comparison of the oral medications being used by patients and the numerous surgical procedures available to treat spasticity. The use of oral medications for treatment of spasticity may be very effective. Benzodiazepines, baclofen, dantrolene sodium, and tizanidine are the most widely used agents for reduction of spasticity. The challenge is to establish a treatment plan that will strike a vital balance between improved function, patient satisfaction, and possible side effects. At high dosages, oral medications can cause unwanted side effects that include sedation, as well as changes in mood and cognit ion (5). Benzodiazepines such as diazepam are the oldest and most frequently used oral agents for spasticity related to spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and cerebral vascular accident.

Ap European History Timeline Project

The Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, ending the wars of religion in the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that the leaders of the many provinces in the Empire can decide what religion they wanted their people to follow. This treaty recognized Lutheran Protestants and Catholics, but not Calvinism. This essentially was the first time in the Holy Roman Empire that another religion was allowed, besides Catholicism. Treaty of Westphalia Signed in 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia once again ended a religious war, the Thirty Years’ War. It was the treaty that recognized Calvinism, finally, along with Lutheranism and Catholicism. It used the same policy as the treaty before, The Peace of Augsburg. The Holy Roman Empire had effectively become a collection of different states and provinces with differing religious views ruled by mainly Hapsburgs. Peace of Paris The Peace of Paris was signed in 1763. It was signed in a peace agreement to end the Seven Years’ War. Britain obtained much of French lands in the Americas, beginning their extensive dominance outside of continental Europe. However, the French obtained the West Indies, which was also a treasure for them. Prussia and Austria were not included in the treaty, instead signing a different treaty, the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the leaders of many countries from Europe to decide what to do after the Napoleonic Wars. The â€Å"Final Act† of the treaty was signed just days after his final defeat at Waterloo. The Bourbons of France were restored as the monarchs and Napoleon was exiled once again. The balance of power in Europe had been restored. It was signed in 1814. The Frankfurt Assembly This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. After long discussion and debates in 1849, a new constitution was drawn up. It outlined the entire German Empire’s government, including the hereditary emperor, the Kaiser. This constitution was then later used as the basis for the constitution of the Weimar Republic and for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Overall, the Frankfurt Assembly had a huge impact on the future of Germany.

Private School vs Public School Essay

Many public school facilities are impressive others are mediocre. The same is true of private schools. In the public school system, the twin engines of political support and economic revenue base are critical. In private schools the ability to attract endowments and other forms of financial support are just as critical. Private school facilities reflect the success of the school’s development team and that of the school to continue to generate alumni support. Some private K-12 schools have facilities and amenities which surpass those found at many colleges and universities. Hotchkiss and Andover, for example, have libraries and athletic facilities on a par with those at Brown and Cornell. They also offer academic and sports programs which make full use of all those resources. It is hard to find comparable facilities in the public sector. They are few and far between. Public schools also reflect the economic realities of their location. Wealthy suburban schools will have more amenities than inner city schools as a rule. Think Greenwich, Connecticut versus Detroit, Michigan, for example. So, who has the edge? Let’s call it a draw, all things considered. Class Size: According to the NCES report Private Schools: A Brief Portrait private schools win out on this issue. Why? Most private schools have small class sizes. One of the key points of private education is individual attention. You need student to teacher ratios of 15:1 or better to achieve that goal of individual attention. On the other hand a public system has to take almost anyone who lives within its boundaries. In public schools you will generally find much larger class sizes, sometimes exceeding 35-40 students in some inner city schools. At that point teaching rapidly degenerates into babysitting. Teaching: Public sector teachers are generally better paid. Naturally compensation varies widely depending on the local economic situation. Put another way, it’s cheaper living in Duluth, Minnesota than it is in San Francisco. Unfortunately low starting salaries and small annual salary increases result in low teacher retention in many public school districts. Public sector benefits have historically been excellent; however, health and pension costs have risen so dramatically since 2000 that public educators will be forced to pay or pay more for their benefits. Private school compensation tends to be somewhat lower than public. Again, much depends on the school and its financial resources. One private school benefit found especially in boarding schools is housing and meals. Private school pension schemes vary widely. Many schools use major pension providers such as TIAA-CREF Both public and private schools require their teachers to be credentialed. This usually means a degree and a teaching certificate. Private schools tend to hire teachers with advanced degrees in their subject over teachers who have an education degree. Put another way, a private school hiring a Spanish teacher will want that teacher to have a degree in Spanish language and literature as opposed to an education degree with a minor in Spanish. Budgets: Since local property taxes support the bulk of public education, the annual school budget exercise is a serious fiscal and political business. In poor communities or communities which have many voters living on fixed incomes, there is precious little room to respond to budget requests within the framework of projected tax revenue. Grants from foundations and the business community are essential to creative funding. Private schools on the other hand can raise tuition, and they also can raise significant amounts of money from a variety of development activities, including annual appeals, cultivation of alumni and alumnae, and solicitation of grants from foundations and corporations. The strong allegiance to private schools by their alumni makes the chances of fund-raising success a real possibility in most cases. Administrative Support: The bigger the bureaucracy, the harder it is to get decisions made at all, much less get them made quickly. The public education system is notorious for having antiquated work rules and bloated bureaucracies. This is as a result of union contracts and host of political considerations. Private schools on the other hand generally have a lean management structure. Every dollar spent has to come from operating income and endowment income. Those resources are finite. The other difference is that private schools rarely have teacher unions to deal with. Advantages and disadvantages: There are many advantages and disadvantages to both public and private schools. As a parent, both options must be explored and the choice must be based on what is right for each particular child. Public schools often have a larger variety of subjects available, especially when it comes to electives. However, what is learned is somewhat decided by the state because public schools need to do well on standardized testing. Private schools, on the other hand, whether parochial or private have much more freedom of choice in curriculum and can choose to make their own assessments. Because of the individualized instruction, private schools tend to do generally better on standardized testing, that is, if they choose to use it. Private schools, many times, have more demanding curricula and have a higher rate of students who go on to attend college. Public schools are larger and also have larger class sizes. Public schools also have larger student-teacher ratios. According to a web site called Public School Review, â€Å"Private schools average 13 students per teacher, compared with an average of 16 students per teacher in public schools† (public school review). However, public schools have certified teachers. Private schools typically have teachers who are not state-certified and who may not have expertise in their subject matter. The biggest difference between public and private schools probably is that public schools are required to educate all students. They cannot deny any student admission. On the other hand, private schools have complete control about which they accept and can kick students out much more easily. Public schools are funded by tax revenue whereas private schools are funded privately. That means private schools cost money to attend called tuition. Taxpayers pay for public schools so the payment is included in what people pay. However in private schools, the payment is upfront for students to attend. Overall, there is no one right answer for which kind of school a student attends-public or private. The decision must be made for each individual student as there are advantages and disadvantages of both. Comparisons: Private school can be more beneficial than going to a public school. Private schools focus on preparing students for the next level of education; public schools are focused on test preparations sessions. Choosing the right school system for your child has a repercussion towards their future education. In the public school system the classrooms are overcrowded with students. Each class has an average of 27 to 30 students to it, which can limit the ability of one on one interaction with the teacher. A lot of the bullying issues come from the unstructured dress codes. This can create social divide to the less fortunate kids that can’t afford all the name brand items. In public school teachers are quick to say your child needs to be on medication if they are high strung, without knowing what other forms of issues might be occurring in the home. When parents try to discipline their child at home the school seems to always try to step in. Some things should be up to the parents to handle without haven to worry about the school stepping in. In the private school system when a child enters the school for the first time he or she will start out with a minimal class size with no more than 20 students. This allows more one on one time with the teacher, it also opens up more time for activities. The private school has a very strictly enforced dress code to eliminate animosity between the students. The schools are very family oriented with parents and students being involved with school activities. Teachers and parents are held to higher standards from the private schools. Teachers are expected to continue to grow and parents are obligated to maintain discipline of their children even in their absence. The testing that takes place at private schools is called Terra Nova, and kids are tested two or three times a year. Conclusion So, who comes out on top? Public schools or private schools As you can see, there are no clear-cut answers or conclusions. Public schools have their advantages and disadvantages. Private schools offer an alternative. Which works best for you? That’s the real question which you have to answer.

Direct iron ore smelting process development

IntroductionThe smelting decrease ( SR ) of Fe ore is an alternate natural stuffs treating method similar to the blast furnace. It begins with solid natural stuffs such as coal and Fe ore. The concluding merchandise of this procedure is a liquid Fe based stuff known as hot metal, or hog Fe when it is solidified. This terminal merchandise is the same as that generated by blast furnaces. Typical hot metal composings are about 4-4.5 % C, .3-1.5 % Si, .25-2.2 % manganese, .03-.08 % S, and.04-.2 % phosphoric. SR is the new age alternate to pig Fe production with the capableness of uninterrupted operation. The engineerings used in this procedure are similar to those used in both modern blast furnaces and conventional non-ferrous smelting operations. As developments in blast furnaces and non-ferrous smelters were made, such as the innovation of the Cu flash smelting engineering, developments were made in SR of Fe.Smelting Reduction Chemical reactionsThe natural stuffs used in SR are: pulver ized Fe ore which consist of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with remainders, powdered coal, limestone ( CaCO3 ) , and dolomitic limestone ( CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 ) . The transition of Fe ore into a liquid hot metal begins with the combustion of coal into C monoxide ( CO ) and H gas ( H2 ) which are the cardinal compounds for Fe decrease, equation 1. The C monoxide and H gas produced from the burning is used to get down the decrease of Fe ore by equation 2. The chemical reaction for regenerating the CO and H2 with coal from equation 2 merchandises is given by equation 3. Full decrease of the Fe ore is so shown by equations 4 and 5. Coal + ?O2 > CO + H2 ( 1 ) 6Fe2O3 + CO +H2 > 4Fe3O4 + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) 2C + CO2 + H2O > 3CO +H2 ( 3 ) 2 Fe3O4 + CO + H2 > 6FeO + H2O + CO2 ( 4 ) 2FeO + CO + H2 > Fe + H2O + CO2 ( 5 ) These reactions begin in the solid province ; nevertheless, as decrease series begins the reactions become liquid province. The limestone and dolomitic limestone are added as fluxes/slag agents. The adaptability of many of these procedures to utilize a assortment of coal chemical sciences without the coking measure is the most alone belongings of SR fuel over blast furnace fuel. This usage of coal alternatively of coke eliminates the demand for a coking furnace every bit good as the usage of lower class coal.Smelting Decrease FirstsArchaeological finds in Africa show a crude smelting decrease signifier dating back every bit early as 2500BC. These ancient craftsmen would cut down Fe ore utilizing coke by blowing air into a shaft furnace. Martin Wiberg of Sweden every bit good as W. and E. Engell of Denmark began look intoing the smelting decrease procedure in 1938. However, much of the impulse in smelting decrease was lost between the 1950 ‘s and 70 ‘s due to progresss in the solid province decrease procedure known as DRI ( direct reduced Fe ) and in blast furnace engineering. It is of import to observe that without the air separation engineering conceived during the Second World War SR would non be executable. By 1981 the first SR pilot works was constructed in Germany based off the COREX design construct. In 1988 the first all-out SR installation was constructed based off the same pilot works at the site of a old blast furnace.Smelting Reduction Reactor TypesThree chief SR convertor types exist: the shaft convertor procedure, a two phase chemical procedure, and the intercrossed procedure. Both the shaft convertor procedure and the two phase procedure usage chemical energy for the decrease. However, the two phase procedure differs from the shaft procedure by implementing two transition Chamberss, a solid province chamber followed by a liquid province chamber. The intercrossed procedure is the most alone because it gets energy parts from chemical rea ctions and electrical current. Of these three types merely two procedures have been put into operation in all-out installations, the COREX procedure and the HIsmelt procedure. The COREX procedure was the first all-out SR installation as antecedently mentioned. This procedure is a two phase procedure. The first phase in decrease is the solid province reaction and natural stuffs preheating subdivision. Off gas from the 2nd phase is used to cut down and preheat in the first phase. As the ore transforms into a liquid it moves to the 2nd convertor phase where the liquid province decrease is completed. The COREX procedure has three theoretical accounts, the C-1000, 2000, and 3000. Primary differences between the theoretical accounts are the production capablenesss. The C-1000 installed in 1988 has a day-to-day production capableness of 1000 dozenss of hot metal. The C-2000 will bring forth 2000 tons/day ; it presently has 4 operating workss with the first installed in S. Korea, 1995. [ 2 ] The C-3000 is the newest installation with one works located in China. The SR furnace was installed in 2007 and has a day-to-day production capableness of 4000 dozenss of hot metal [ 7 ] . Figure 2 is an image of the C-3000 works. The HIsmelt was the 2nd SR procedure to go full production. Pilot proving of this procedure began in 1982. The procedure is a uninterrupted shaft transition furnace. [ 2 ] HIsmelt implements many engineerings presently used in non-ferrous smelting like uninterrupted stuffs feed by spears into the liquefied bath and H2O cooled furnace panels. [ 5 ] The full graduated table works which was built in 2003 was a 400 million dollar undertaking between RioTinto, Nucor, Mitsubishi, and Shougang coprorations. The works is located in Western Australia. [ 9 ] This procedure can utilize the off gas for multiple applications such as fuel for electrical power coevals or preheating the provender stuff. A elaborate position of the reactor vas. Additional SR procedure which are non presently commercialized include: direct Fe ore smelting ( DIOS, two phase reactor ) , AISI ( two phase reactor ) , and IDI ( intercrossed SR ) . Although SR procedures do non implement coke furnaces the coal demands remain similar holding small consequence on environmental emanations.DecisionSR is an progressing engineering capable of continuously bring forthing hot metal similar to a blast furnace with a wider scope of coal type. This natural stuffs flexibleness is a great advantage to SR. The riddance of the coking furnace lessenings project capital ; although, it has small impact on environmental emanations. SR has many great properties which makes it a competitory option to blare furnaces.Mentions[ 1 ] LIFE. ( n.d. ) . Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao Visits Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.life.com/image/57232194 [ 2 ] Chatterjee, A. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Blast Furnace. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [ 3 ] Miller, T. W. , Jimenez, J. , Sharan, A. , & A ; Goldstein, D. A. ( 1998 ) . Steelmaking and Refining, Oxygen Steelmaking Processes. In R. J. Fruehan, & A ; 11 ( Ed. ) , The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel ( pp. 489-490 ) . Pittsburgh: The AISI Steel Foundation. [ 4 ] Davis, M. P. , Dry, R. J. , & A ; Schwarz, M. P. ( 2003 ) . Flow Simulation of the HISMELT Process. Third International Conferance on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries ( pp. 305-311 ) . Melbourn, Australia: CSIRO. [ 5 ] HIsmelt. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt- The Technology. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hismelt.com/EN/HT_PageView.aspx? pageID=8 # [ 6 ] Shalimov, A. G. ( 200 ) . The COREX Process for Making High-Quality Steels at Mini-Mills. Metallurgist, 44, 35-39. [ 7 ] Environment Engineering Solution. ( n.d. ) . Environment-friendly Corex procedure of Fe and steel devising. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentengineering.blogspot.com /2008/02/environment-friendly-corex-process-of.html [ 8 ] Siemens. ( n.d. ) . Siemens AG – Pictures. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //w1.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/ ? press=/en/presspicture/2008/corporate_communication/media_summit_2008/soaxx200803-08.htm [ 9 ] Outotec. ( n.d. ) . HIsmelt undertaking in Western Australia. Retrieved December 06, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.outotec.com/pages/Page____7775.aspx? epslanguage=EN [ 10 ] Changqing, H. , Xiaowei, H. , Zhihong, L. , & A ; Chunxia, Z. ( 2009 ) . Comparison of CO2 Emission Between COREX and Blast Furnace Iron-Making System. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Supplement, 116-120.

Bullying and Worldwide Issue

It is designed to harm someone's social humiliation. Convert Bullying includes lying, spreading rumors, negative facial expression, and playing nasty Jokes embarrass, humiliate, and simulate unkindly. The fifth one is . When a bully threatens someone else and frightens that person enough to make him/her do what the bully wants. The last one is SOCIAL. When a bully excludes someone from a group on purpose. It also includes a bully spreading rumors and making fun of someone by pointing out their differences.How are boys and girls different in their bullying? Boys may bully more than girls may, however some question this†¦ Do boys bully both boys and girls? Mostly. Do boys use physical aggression than girls? Maybe. Are girls becoming more physical in bullying than in the past? Yes. Are girls more likely to bully girls than boys? Yes. Last, do girls target weakness in others? No. How frequently does bullying occur? There are different estimates of how often children are bullied or p articipate in bullying.According to America, 3. 7 million participate in bullying. In addition, more than 3. 2 million are victims of â€Å"moderate† bullying each year. Seventy -four percent of eight to eleven year old students said teasing and bullying occur at their schools more than 40 times a day. Over the course nearly one-fourth of students across grades reported that they have been harassed or bullied because of their race. You know†¦ Try to be nice†¦ Moreover, stop following behind what people do†¦ Don't be a bully†¦ Be a friend

History of the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution Research Paper

History of the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution - Research Paper Example It is no wonder that different times have seen different interpretations of the statutes of the constitution in accordance with the needs and cognizance of the ruling class, and to a lesser extent, the citizens of the United States. What the founders of the nation meant by those statues, for the most part, has been lost to the numerous changes in the application of the Constitution. The text that is written, and the effects of it on the general public, can be so different from each other sometimes that leaves one wondering if indeed the Constitution itself had been followed. This is not only true for the Constitution, but for all forms of Law, be they judiciary, civil, or criminal. To some extent, it is explainable and even expected; given the rate at which the society is developing, and the sophistication and complexity that it is bringing with itself in every field and sector, it is imperative that changes in the context of established laws would take place. It is legal too, as long as such changes do not repeal the said laws in their entirety. Perhaps the article of law from the Constitution that has been the subject of most controversies, and is, paradoxically the most under-researched and less studied is the 2nd Amendment (Subcommittee on the Constitution). And perhaps it deals with the most controversial of the topics; the bearing of arms, as regards to th e current state of unrest and rampant threats of terrorism all over the nation. Hence, one can safely assume that what this amendment stands for today might not have been what it was aimed for when it was drafted, or even why the need to draft such a bill came into existence to begin with. These issues require an in-depth study of the amendment; what is most important in this case is the history of the 2nd amendment rather than its present form or its present context. This is because through the examination and understanding of the history o f this amendment can we hope to unearth its true meaning, context, and need for enactment, which will point the way to its proper application today. This in itself is important because there has been much debate over the meaning of the exact wordings of this amendment, which have caused a great deal of concern and argument in the recent times (U.S. Constitution Online). This has led to discrepancies in the court decisions among the different sta tes and different courts of the country. Maybe by studying the history of the amendment, it can be hoped to draft a unified meaning to this pertinent amendment with the aim of bringing harmony and unity to the court decisions and among the legal bodies, scholars, experts, and critics dealing with this amendment. This paper aims at discussing the history o f the 2nd amendment of the U.S. Constitution, bringing to light the many aspects of its blurred history, comparing it with the present day version of the different terms used in this amendment, and trying to established a set meaning to the amendment itself. The basic question to be answered would be: what the writers of the Constitution meant when they wrote the 2nd amendment. As will be seen from the study in the subsequent pages, there are quite a number of shades to its history, many of them quite controversial. We will begin by stating the 2nd amendment in its current form: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to t he security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (U.S. Constitution Online). It is beneficial for the study to break the statement of the amendment into its three constituent parts, and to study the history of each phrase in order to understand the true meaning of the amendment as a whole. Let us begin by